Preformulation Testing for Chemical Properties of Drug

Preformulation Testing for Chemical Properties of Drug PREFORMULATION STUDIES Preformulation testing involved investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. It was the first step in the rational development of dosage forms. These studies are categorised as under: 1. API characterization 2. Drug-Excipient Compatibility study API Characterization Organoleptic Evaluation These are preliminary characteristics of any substance which is useful in identification of specific material. Following physical properties of API were studied. a) Colour b) Odour Table no. : Characterization of API Test Observation Colour White Odour Odourless Particle size distribution Sieve analysis: The sieve analysis main concept is to know the different drug particles size in the sample. The standard sieves with larger pore size i.e., with less sieve number on the top position are placed one over the other and followed by sieves of decreasing pore size i.e., with larger sieve number towards the bottom. Procedure: Clean and dried sieves #40,#60,#80,#100,#120 and bottom meshes were collected Individual weight of each sieve was noted. These sieves were arranged in ascending order. Weighed quantity of API was placed in #40 meshes. Sieve shaker was set for 5 min at amplitude of 60. Remove the setup from sieve shaker after 5minutes. Each mesh was weighed individually and Calculate % retained in each size of mesh with following formula: % retained = Final weight – initial weight x 100 Total weight taken Table no. : Particle size distribution of API Sieve number Percentage of sample retained (%) Cumulative percentage of sample retained (%) 40 3.0 3.0 60 19.2 22.2 80 26.3 48.5 100 24.2 72.7 140 8.1 80.8 200 19.2 100.0 pH-Solubility Profile: The solubility studies for the drug were carried out using the orbital shaker. Solubility of the drug across different buffers was studied. The pH ranged from 1.2 to 6.8 (1.2 , 4.5, 6.8, and water). All the buffers were prepared according to USP 34 NF 29, 2011. Excess drug was added to 100 ml of water in stoppered conical flasks and were agitated continuously in a orbital shaker for 24 hrs at 200 rpm and room temperature (25Â ° C), till saturation was observed. Then, the samples were filtered using 0.45 Â µ Nylon (47 mm) syringe filters. Now the filtered samples were analyzed using UV spectrophotometer Table No.6.3 below describes the procedure of buffers preparation. Table 6.5 preparation of buffers Buffer Procedure PH 1.2 buffer 8.5 ml of Conc. HCL was added to 1000 mL volumetric flask. Then it was diluted and made up to volume with water PH 4.5 phosphate buffer 13.61 gm of KH2PO4 was added to 1000 mlvolumetric flask. Then it was made up to volumewith water PH 6.8 phosphate buffer 250 mL of 0.2 M monobasic potassium phosphate solution was taken in a 1000 mL volumetric flask. Then 112 mL 0.2M Sodium hydroxide solution was added to it and water was added to make up to the volume Table7.3 Solubility of API in buffers of different pHs PH Solubility(mg/ml) 1.2 42.36 4.5 44.96 6.8 0.80 Water 0.674 Fig 7.1 pH Solubility curve of API Drug excipient compatibility study There is always possibility of Drug excipient interaction in any formulation due to their intimate contact. It is also necessary to determine any possible interaction between excipients used in the formulation. This will also indicate success of stability studies. Preliminary studies: Method: Physical observation Condition: 40 Â ±2 o C and 75 Â ± 5% RH Procedure: Drug was mixed with excipients in 1: 1 ratios as indicated in the Table 6.6 These mixtures were kept in a 5ml glass vials and packed properly. In dry close method glass vials are closed with rubber stoppers These vials are exposed to 25ËÅ ¡C /60 % RH 40ËÅ ¡C /75 % RH. Blend (1gm) was prepared and filled in vials. Observations for physical appearance were made at the end 4 weeks. S.No EXCIPIENTS DRUG: EXCIPIENT RATIO 1 Polyethyleneoxide 1:1 2 HPMCK100M 1:1 3 MCC 1:1 4 Cellulose acetate 1:1 5 Sodiumchloride 1:1 6 Citric acid 1:1 7 Sodium lauryl sulphate 1:1 8 Magnesium stearate 1:1 9 Talc 1:1 Table 7.4 Results of Drug-Excipient compatibility at 25oC/60% RH S.no: Excipent Colour change Lumps Caking O C O C O C 1 Polyethylene oxide X X X X X X 2 HPMC X X X X X X 3 MCC X X X X X X 4 Cellulose acetate X X X X X X 5 Sodium chloride X X Lumps observed X X X 6 Citric acid X X Lumps observed X X X 7 Sodium lauryl sulphate X X Lumps observed X X X 7 Magnesium stearate X X X X X X 8 Talc X X X X X X Note: x – indicates no change, O- open condition ,C- close condition Table 7.5 Results of Drug-Excipient compatibility at 40oC / 75% RH S.no: Excipient Colour change Lumps Caking O C O C O C 1 Poly ethylene oxide X X X X X X 2 HPMC X X X X X X 3 MCC X X X X X X 4 Cellulose acetate X X X X X X 5 Sodium chloride X X X X Caking observed X 6 Citric acid X X X X Caking Observed X 7 Sodium lauryl sulphate X X X X Caking observed X 8 Magnesium stearate X X X X X X 9 Talc X X X X X X FTIR Study FTIR study: FTIR studies were carried out for pure drug alone and blend of drug excepients. The FTIR spectroscopy (BRUKER Optics FTIR spectrophotometer) is employed as analytical tool to check the drug-excepients interaction, using the KBr disc method. The FTIR spectra were scanned and recorded between 400 and 4000 cm-1 Method: Nearly to a fine alkali halide (example KBr) powder of 200 to 250 mg 0.1 to 1.0 % sample is mixed well. Later it is pulverized and in a pellet-forming die it is placed. Around an 8 tons force under a vacuum of several mm Hg is applied to form transparent pellets. FTIR spectroscopy of pure drug of Famotidine S.no Type of vibration Actual frequency (cm-1) Observed frequency (cm-1) Confirmation Table no. : Interpretation of FTIR spectra of pure famotidine FTIR spectroscopy of drug and excipient blends Table 7.6 Peaks of FTIR study Peaks ( cm –1) Functional groups 3506.13 –OH 3377.41-3400.95 –NH2 3238.03 -NH 1445.38- 1639.22 C=N 689.10 -606.6 C-S 1320.81 S(=O) 2 asymmetric stretching 1147.17 S(=O) 2 symmetric stretching Table no. : Interpretation of FTIR spectra of pure famotidine S.no Type of vibration Actual frequency (cm-1) Observed frequency (cm-1) Confirmation ANALYTICAL METHOD ESTIMATION OF FAMOTIDINE: A solution of Famotidine was prepared in 0.1 N HCl and Phosphate buffer pH 4.5and 6.8 UV spectrum was taken using Perkin Elmer UV/Vis double beam spectrophotometer.The UV maxima of Famotidine was found to be 265 nm in both 0.1N HCl pH 4.5. In pH 6.8 it was found to be 268 nm Preparation of standard curve of famotidine in 0.1N HCL pH 4.5 phosphate buffer: 100 mg Famotidine each was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl and pH 4.5 buffer and volume is made up to 100 with respective buffer. 10 mL of stock solution (1mg/ml) was further diluted upto 100 ml with respective buffer to obtained solution of 100 Â µg/mL.Now from stock 2 further dilutions were done with respective buffer to obtain solutions of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Â µg/ml Absorbance of each solution was measured at 265 nm using Perkin Elmer UV/Vis double beam Spectrophotometer. Preparation of standard curve in ph 6.8 phosphate buffer: 10 mg Famotidine each was dissolved in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and volume is made up to 100 ml to obtain solution of 100 Â µg/ml. Now from this stock solution further dilutions were done with PH 6.8 to obtain solutions of 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 Â µg/ml Absorbance of each solution was measured at 268 nm using Perkin Elmer UV/Vis double beam Spectrophotometer. The experiment was performed in triplicate and based on average absorbance; the equation for the best line was generated. The results of standard curve prepared in pH 1.2, 4.5 6.8 were shown below Table 7.7 Standard curve of API in PH 1.2 , 4.5 6.8 buffers Concentration Absorbance in pH 1.2 Absorbance in pH 4.5 Absorbance in pH 6.8 2 0.085 0.082 4 0.141 0.148 5 0.189 0.186 10 0.333 0.341 0.251 15 0.510 0.497 20 0.701 0.651 0.467 25 0.852 0.806 30 0.746 40 0.989 FIG 7.4 standard curve at PH 1.2 Buffer Fig 7.5 standard curve at PH 4.5 Buffer Fig 7.6 standard curve at PH 6.8 Buffer Calculation of initial dose and maintenance dose for the design of elementary osmotic pump of famotidine for 12 hours: There are no sustained release formulations for famotidine in the market, hence the total dose (DT) consisting of initial (DI) and maintenance doses (DM) for formulating the famotidine sustained release was calculated as per Robinson and Eriksen equation with a zero order release principle36 . In this profile the rate of delivery is independent of the amount of drug remaining in the dosage form and constant over time as shown by the Eq. 6.1 Drug availability rate k0 = Rate in = Rate out Eq. 6.1 Where, k0 is the zero order rate constant for drug release (amount per time). DI is required to give initial rapid release of drug so as to attain the minimum therapeutic level immediately after dosing. Inital dose (DI) = CSSAVG Vd Eq. 6.2 F Where, C ssavg is the average steady state plasma level, V d is the volume of distribution and F is the fraction of dose absorbed. k0 = DIKel Eq. 6.3 Where, Kel is overall first order drug elimination rate constant (per hour). Hence k 0 should be equal to the elimination rate constant so as to maintain the steady state condition. In general the total dose required (D T) is the sum of maintenance dose (DM) and the initial dose (DI) DT = D I + D M Eq. 6.4 In practice, D M (mg) is released over a period of time and is equal to the product of H (the number of hours for which sustained action is desired after initial dose) and the zero order rate constant, k0 (mg/hr). Therefore the Eq. 6.4 can be expressed as DT = D I + k0H Eq. 6.5 Ideally the maintenance dose (DM) is released after DI has produced a minimum therapeutic blood level of the drug. However due to the limits of formulations, drug release even starts from DM also from the beginning i.e. at t=0, thus increasing the initial drug level in the blood. Hence it is necessary to reduce the initial dose of the drug to account for the excess release for drug from DM by using a correction factor, k0tp. This correction factor is the amount of drug provided by DM during the period from t=0 to the time of the peak drug level, tp. The corrected initial dose (DI*) becomes DI-(k0tp). Then the total dose is DT = DI* + k0H = (D I k0tp) + k0H Eq. 6.6 Pharmacokinetic parameters of famotidine: Elimination half life (t1/2) of famotidine is 3 hrs (average of 2.5 to 3.5 hrs), the time to reach peak plasma (t p) is 3 hrs and Vd = 80.5 L and F = 0.4 54,55 . From the literature of the PEPCID (innovator product of famotidine in USA) label and pharmacological review information 49,, it was found that the plasma levels after multiple doses are similar to those after single doses indicating the C max is similar to Cssavg , therefore Cmax of 0.07 mg/L was taken as C ssavg . Calculation of D I and DM: The initial dose (DI), corrected initial dose (DI*), maintenance dose (DM) and total dose (DT) were calculated according to calculations described above. Calculation of elimination rate constant: Elimination rate constant (K el ) = 0.693/t 1/2 = 0.693/3 = 0.231 hr -1 Calculation of initial dose: Inital dose (DI) = CSSAVG Vd Eq. 6.2 F = (0.07 X 80.5)/0.4 = 14.0875 mg Calculation of desired input rate (k 0): Desired input rate from maintenance dose (k 0) = DIKel = 14.0875 X 0.231 = 3.25 mg/hr Calculation of maintenance dose: Maintenance dose (DM) = k0H (Since, H = the number of hours for which sustained action is desired after initial dose = (12-1) = 11 hrs) = 3.25 X 11 = 35.796 mg Calculation of corrected initial dose DI*: DI* = DI – (k0tp) = 14.087 – (3.25 X 3 ) = 4.93 mg Calculation of total dose: Total dose (D T) = D I* + D M = 4.93 + 35.796 = 40.726 mg From the above calculations the total dose obtained for sustained release of famotidine for 12 hrs is 40.726 mg. The total dose was rounded off to 40mg for the convenience. Initially the dosage form should release the total initial dose (i.e. 4.93 mg ~ 5.0 of drug, means 11% of total 50 mg dose) in the first 1 hr followed by maintenance dose (i.e. 40-5=35 mg of drug) for up to 12 hrs there after at a release rate of 3.25 mg/hr (i.e. 8.125% of total 40 mg dose). Based on these assumptions the theoretical release profile was predicted and shown Table 6.7 Predicted theoretical release profile Time (hrs) % CDD 1 11.4 2 19.425 3 27.45 4 35.475 5 43.5 6 51.525 7 59.55 8 67.575 10 83.625 12 99.675 JNTUA-OTRI, Ananthapuramu 1

Lyndon B. Johnson: An Inspiration Essay

Recently, I had the opportunity to be a â€Å"Presidential Classroom† student in which I attending a two week forum in Washington D.C. While there, I was awarded the opportunity to meet with a multitude of public officials and to discuss domestic and foreign policy with students from across the nation. While in Washington D.C., it is clear the city has not forgotten its history as images of past presidents adorn many walls. When looking at the pictures past presidents, there is one president who does not appear as prominently as other. That president is Lyndon B. Johnson, a former president whose legacy influences me a great deal. Johnson was one of the most care-giving of all the presidents as his Great Society concept provided a variety of social programs with the intention of eliminating wide scale poverty in the United States. Sadly, President Johnson’s original plans for the Great Society were curtailed by the escalation of the Vietnam War, but several aspects of the Great Society did survive and remain helpful to many people in the United States to this very day. This is among the noblest goal that a president could seek and remains a goal that resonates a great deal with me today and had so in the past as it guided me on my academic and scholastic path. In my senior year, I served as one of the 12 International Ambassadors at Poly High School. The purpose of the Ambassadors is to represent the various ethnic groups at the school. This was the most prestigious of the school civics positions and is reserved for members of the senior class who have achieved high academic standards and a willingness to represent the needs of the numerous groups that make up the student body. Again, Lyndon Johnson remained a major influence on me as I served in this position. When Johnson first entered congress, he sought to fairly represent the poor Texas towns that sent him to Washington as a representative. Often times, the needs of the people in poor, rural Texas towns were often neglected. This was not because there Admission Essay was anything set in place to exclude these people; it was that they did not have any providing a voice for them. Johnson eschewed seeking the interests of the big money lobbies and stuck to his convictions and early promises. Johnson drove a great deal of legislation through congress that aided these people and, when elected to the office of the president, Johnson used a great deal of his experience helping people in the rural town to successfully draft the famous Civil Rights Act of 1964. As an International Ambassador, it was easy to see how certain voices could be overlooked. When reading about Lyndon Johnson’s successful exploits serving his constituency, I was inspired by the fact that he showed a voice could be heard if there is effective help. Many students have serious concerns, but are either unaware of as to how to have their voice heard or are too intimidated to initiate a dialogue. Considering that President Johnson provided a voice for the many people, I would frequently review his past deeds as a way of understanding the skills required to perform such tasks. As such, President Johnson was then and remains today, a huge influence on my life.

Cooking: Julia Child and Knife Skills Class Essay

Since I stopped devouring books and using the computer much (because reading triggers migraines), I’ve been bored. I hate being bored. Every hands-on craft I try causes wrist pain that I haven’t been able to conquer. Baking is fantastic, but consuming all that I make isn’t a smart dietary strategy. So I’ve decided cooking will be my new hobby. Although deciding to do something I’ve never particularly liked for fun is a little weird, it makes a lot of sense. I’d love to have a hobby again. I like food, I need to eat, and eating better food would probably make me feel better. By approaching cooking as a hobby instead of a chore, I hope it will be fun, not the high-pressure job of reforming my diet. Ideally cooking will become something I want to do, not have to do. These are the guidelines I’ve established so I don’t exhaust myself. Is it contradictory to set goals for a hobby? Use Simple Recipes I’m currently taking Mark Bittman’s (aka The Minimalist) no-nonsense approach: Make better food in less time with fewer ingredients. I’m starting small with his very short cookbook, How to Cook Everything: Quick Cooking. It isn’t an overwhelming tome, but a short introduction to tasty basic recipes. A perfect housewarming gift for someone in their first apartment, the book includes variations for the more experienced or adventurous cook. I’m supplementing with The Minimalist Cooks at Home for variety. (It’s out-of-print, but is available used. ) I’ve owned it for four years and have liked the few things I’ve made from his books. Now my plan is to approach it methodically. Like Julie and Julia, where blogger Julie Powell set out to make every recipe in Julia Child’s Mastering The Art of French Cooking. The Minimalist’s goals are much less lofty, but the idea is the same. Buy Ingredients for One Meal at a Time. This is to avoid wasting food and feeling like I’ve failed. I broke this â€Å"rule† one day into my plan. Because this is a new hobby, not a resolution, I’ve no need to beat myself up. Good things hobbies don’t have rules. Besides, I still think I can do it. Learn New Techniques This is the part that turns work into entertainment. I’ve always been reluctant to cook meat on the stove. In fact, I’m reluctant to cook meat at all. Not only do I get to produce an edible product (however bad it may be), I expand my skills and learn new recipes. This will make my hobby more fun in the future. Tomorrow I’m taking the knife skills class I’ve wanted to take for years. It’s a morning class, so I’m confident I’ll make it this time. I’m already daydreaming about future classes. Do It I made my recipe plan yesterday morning, then Hart called to say he had a work dinner. I felt crappy, so it was fine, but my motivation is far weaker than 24 hours ago. I hope applying the techniques of the knife skills class will boost my overall motivation. Clearly there’s little difference between my new hobby and a New Year’s resolution. Since resolutions usually fail, I’m relying on the power reframing. It’s an essential skill of every optimist.

The Use of Word Stems in English

The Use of Word Stems in English In English grammar and morphology, a stem is the form of a word before any inflectional affixes are added. In English, most stems also qualify as words. The term base is commonly used by linguists to refer to any stem (or root) to which an affix is attached. Identifying a Stem A stem may consist of a single root, of two roots forming a compound stem, or of a root (or stem) and one or more derivational affixes forming a derived stem.(R. M. W. Dixon, The Languages of Australia. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Combining Stems The three main morphological processes are compounding, affixation, and conversion. Compounding involves adding two stems together, as in . . . windows are to be found, however, where an affix is added to a bound stemcompare perishable, where perish is free, with durable, where dur is bound, or unkind, where kind is free, with unbeknown, where beknown is bound. . . . Stem Conversion Conversion is where a stem is derived without any change in form from one belonging to a different class. For example, the verb bottle (I must bottle some plums) is derived by conversion from the noun bottle, while the noun catch (That was a fine catch) is converted from the verb.(Rodney D. Huddleston,  English Grammar: An Outline. Cambridge University Press, 1988) The Difference Between a Base and a Stem Base is the core of a word, that part of the word which is essential for looking up its meaning in the dictionary; stem is either the base by itself or the base plus another morpheme to which other morphemes can be added. [For example,] vary is both a base and a stem; when an affix is attached the base/stem is called a stem only. Other affixes can now be attached.(Bernard ODwyer,  Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview, 2000) The Difference Between a Root and a Stem The terms root and stem are sometimes used interchangeably. However, there is a subtle difference between them: a root is a morpheme that expresses the basic meaning of a word and cannot be further divided into smaller morphemes. Yet a root does not necessarily constitute a fully understandable word in and of itself. Another morpheme may be required. For example, the form struct in English is a root because it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts, yet neither can it be used in discourse without a prefix or a suffix being added to it (construct, structural, destruction, etc.)  A stem may consist of just a root. However, it may also be analyzed into a root plus  derivational morphemes  . . .. Like a root, a stem may or may not be a fully understandable word. For example, in English, the forms  reduce  and  deduce  are stems because they act like any other regular verbthey can take the  past-tense  suffix. However, they are not roots, because they can be ana lyzed into two parts,  -duce, plus a  derivational  prefix  re-  or  de-.So some roots are stems, and some stems are roots. ., but roots and stems are not the same thing. There are roots that are not stems (-duce), and there are stems that are not roots (reduce). In fact, this rather subtle distinction is not extremely important conceptually, and some theories do away with it entirely.(Thomas Payne,  Exploring Language Structure: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2006) ​Irregular Plurals Once there was a song about a purple-people-eater, but it would be ungrammatical to sing about a purple-babies-eater. Since the licit irregular plurals and the illicit regular plurals have similar meanings, it must be the grammar of irregularity that makes the difference.The theory of word structure explains the effect easily. Irregular plurals, because they are quirky, have to be stored in the mental dictionary as roots or stems; they cannot be generated by a rule. Because of this storage, they can be fed into the compounding rule that joins an existing stem to another existing stem to yield a new stem. But regular plurals are not stems stored in the mental dictionary; they are complex words that are assembled on the fly by inflectional rules whenever they are needed. They are put together too late in the root-to-stem-to-word assembly process to be available to the compounding rule, whose inputs can only come out of the dictionary.(Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. William Morrow, 1994)

buy custom Antibiotic Resistance essay

buy custom Antibiotic Resistance essay An antibiotic refers to a medication that destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms (Tenover, 2006). Such microorganisms can be either bacteria or fungi, or certain parasites such as malarial parasites. Medical professionals are facing a serious problem about antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms to withstand the effects of antibiotics (Tenover, 2006). Antibiotic resistance has become a common problem across the world because people are using antibiotics a lot and inappropriately. Proper use of antibiotics is the only way to control the spread of antibiotic resistance. This discussion will focus on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, prognosis and treatment of its infections, and causes and prevention of its resistance. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that causes infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, toxic shock syndrome, just to mention a few (French Otter, 2010). Health physicians base the prognosis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections on various symptoms such as fever, headache, lethargy, reddening of skin, and inflammation of wounds (French Otter, 2010). Methicillin has been a common antibiotic in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections over years. However, Staphylococcus aureus bacterium has become resistant to methicillin antibiotic. Causes of methicillin resistance include unnecessary prescription, incorrect diagnosis, and improper use of methicillin antibiotic, which results in a random mutation of the bacterium (French Otter, 2010). A bacterium becomes a superbug when it carries a variety of resistance genes. Prudent prescribing of antibiotics is the best measure to prevent antibiotic resistance. Vancomycin antib iotic can effectively treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections (French Otter, 2010). Therefore, antibiotic resistance is not futile because of a variety of preventive and control measures. Prudent prescribing of antibiotics can prevent the occurrence of resistance. This preventive measure can also avoid the emergence of superbug. Superbug results from the ability of a bacterium to carry a variety of resistance genes due to improper prescribing. If microorganisms have become antibiotic-resistant, use of new drugs will be necessary (French Otter, 2010). Buy custom Antibiotic Resistance essay

Select a photograph of your choice and, using the processes of visual Essay

Select a photograph of your choice and, using the processes of visual analysis, discuss Sontag's statement in relation to fas - Essay Example Sontag was born Susan Rosenblatt, in New York the spawn of Mildred and Jack Rosenblatt, who both hailed from Jewish origins. All through Sonntag’s had a great passion and liking of photography. She started publishing articles on photography in the New York review of books within 1973 to 1977. She would later release books on photography where she would express her stance on the past account and present-day function, off camera work in capitalist countries as well as the impact of photography of the 1970s.During this time she discussed a lot of examples issues and challenges facing modern photography. Susan is well known for her tremendous contribution in photography in one of his books he outlines the importance of photos. Photographs provide proof. Something we listen to, but suspicion, seems to confirm when we're provided with a photo of it. In one account of its effectiveness, the camera evidence incriminates. In one of her books On Photography page 23 (1979) Susan tries to express how she feels what is expressed through the lens holds back more realistic. Information then it gives at one point stating that â€Å"the cameras rendering of reality must hide more than it discloses†. This statement that forms the context the study for the rest of the paper. In an effort to count our discount this statement in line with the photo used and how this statement impacts of fashion as a whole. The statement tries to suggest that. For each and every photo taken it holds back more ideal and real information than the one it puts forth or discloses as the reality. In the picture depicted above is captioned from an upfront close up position concentrating only on the face of the individual. The content of the photograph can be easily be identified. The sense of style and fashion is well depicted the photo even outlines a habitual practice of the party involved as it shows him smoking further propagating the notion that smoking is fashionable as many believe. Sa ntiago’s statement states that the camera rendering the reality must always hide more than it reveals discloses. This statement may draw various interpretations according to the specific photo in context. The thematic approach and the contents of the photo, this is more of a fact as the cameras outcome can be easily be determined by the person taking the caption. It has been well known that photographers tend to present the type of photo they believe is the most appealing to the individual or for a particular cause. Photography has undergone great revolution overtime since the advent of photos in the 1830s technological advancement has propelled the whole aspect of photography to a new level of great significance. The above photo has been taken from a close vantage point and partially exposed to right with the sole intention of making it more appealing. This is further proof of Santiago’s statement that for every part depicted allot more of significance left behind the scenes so that the photo will remain relevant by creating the impression given. Though the approach is upfront its not a direct approach as the individual though the intention of the photographer is evident as the point of attention is the face. The dark background is effectively utilized so that it can hinder any other feature within the individuals that may try to show the opposite of what the

Case Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Management - Assignment Example However, people tried to kill my dream by discouraging me into joining the nursing school. For this reason, I diverted into legal studies, where I managed to get a degree in 1998. However, I now seek to pursue my dream and have decided to branch off into nursing. Through getting a place in the nursing school, I will be able to nurture my talent, hence contribute to a healthy society. I realize that people pass through different stages, both pleasurable and unpleasant. During these times, I enjoy being a source of encouragement to people. For instance, when an individual is on his/her deathbed, I sympathize with him/her by giving comfort, and other material needs. In moments of joy, for instance, birth, I rejoice with the new mother and seek to give any assistance that would contribute to their joy. Through this, I have learned to share intimate times with people, hence encouraging me to pursue a career in nursing. Joining the nursing school will allow me to become well equipped with the skills of nursing. In addition, I will apply the skills gained in a veteran hospital where I have worked for six years now. Through this work, I have gained experience of working with both sick and well veterans. However, I have realized that I need to learn a few more concepts and skills in order to give my services satisfactorily. Thus, the skills gained in the nursing school will make my skills better. Apart from working in the veteran hospital, I intend to visit marginal societies, where treatment is minimal and give assistance. For instance, I will contribute to the profession by visiting Africa, where I intend to use my skills to save the lives of many people. Some, for instance, are ignorant of healthy ways of living, thus experience high rates of mortality frequently. Therefore, apart from offering services, I intend to train other nurses, who will assist in saving lives. Moreover, I will teach people ways of taking care of other patients at home, eating